There was a time when power integrity (PI) was treated as an afterthought—a minor checklist item at the end of a hardware design cycle. You tossed a few extra decoupling capacitors near the FPGA or processor, crossed your fingers, and hoped the board wouldn't glitch. Those days are officially over. With today's high-performance silicon drawing massive currents at sub-1V levels, power delivery networks (PDNs) have become some of the most complex, high-risk components of modern