Signal Integrity, Power Integrity, & EMC Blog 

There was a time when power integrity (PI) was treated as an afterthought—a minor checklist item at the end of a hardware design cycle. You tossed a few extra decoupling capacitors near the FPGA or processor, crossed your fingers, and hoped the board wouldn't glitch. Those days are officially over. With today's high-performance silicon drawing massive currents at sub-1V levels, power delivery networks (PDNs) have become some of the most complex, high-risk components of modern

With contributing authors Heidi Barnes (Keysight), Steve Sandler (Picotest), and Kathleen Love (Signal Edge Solutions Importing a SEPIA measurement into Keysight ADS gives you all of the information you need for your design to achieve stability in less than a minute, even if it’s a non-LTI system. In this blog, we will discuss how to leverage these tools to get actionable insights on a design’s stability. In a world where VRM control loops are no longer consistently linear, t

What is Channel Operating Margin (COM)? You might be more familiar with Channel Operating Margin (COM) as it relates to IEEE 802.3 and OIF-CEI standards that use Phase-Amplitude-Modulation. For example, PAM-4 encodes four symbols per unit interval (UI), whereas NRZ modulation encodes one symbol per UI. A key advantage of PAM is that deployed hardware and existing PCB technology bins can achieve higher data-throughput rates by enhancing the modulation capability of PHY designs

The Imperative of DC-DC Converter Efficiency In today's ever-more power-conscious electronic world, the efficiency of power delivery networks is paramount. From the smallest battery-powered IoT device to the largest data center server, every milliwatt saved translates directly into extended battery life, reduced operating costs, and enhanced system reliability. At the heart of these power delivery networks often lie DC-DC converters, specifically Voltage Regulator Modules (VR